What does patulin do to the body?
Major human dietary sources of patulin are apples and apple juice made from affected fruit. The acute symptoms in animals include liver, spleen and kidney damage and toxicity to the immune system. For humans, nausea, gastrointestinal disturbances and vomiting have been reported.
What is mycotoxin patulin?
Patulin, another important mycotoxin produced by Penicillium species, is a water-soluble polyketide lactone that occurs most often in apples spoiled by P. expansum or in products made from spoiled apples, such as apple juice, pies, and conserves.
Is Penicillium Expansum a mycotoxin?
Penicillium expansum produces the mycotoxin patulin, a neurotoxin that can enter the food supply via apples and apple products such as juice and cider.
Is Penicillium Expansum pathogenic?
This species profile comprises a comprehensive literature review of this aggressive pathogen associated with pomes (apple, pear, quince), focusing on biology, mechanisms of disease, control, genomics, and the newest developments in disease management. Taxonomy: Penicillium expansum Link 1809.
How do you treat Penicillium fungus?
The potent in vitro activity of amphotericin B (AMB) and terbinafine (TRB) and of the echinocandins against Penicillium and Talaromyces species might offer a good therapeutic alternative for the treatment of infections caused by these fungi.
What causes blue mold?
Blue mold, a common rot of stored apples and pears, is caused by the fungus Penicillium expansum. Blue mold is the most important postharvest disease of apples worldwide. Other names for the disease are soft rot, bin rot, and Penicillium rot.
How does patulin grow?
Patulin is a toxin produced by a number of different moulds such as Penicillium and Aspergillus. It can be found in damaged or mouldy fruits, particularly apples. If contaminated apples are used to make juices, high levels of patulin are likely to be carried through to the final product.
What does a positive mycotoxin test mean?
Mycotoxins can be detected with urine or home dust sample using one of our mycotoxin test kits. What does a positive mycotoxin test mean? It means that you have detectable levels of mycotoxins in the sample tested.
What disease does Penicillium cause?
Penicillium marneffei is an emerging pathogenic fungus that can cause a fatal systemic mycosis in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). P. marneffei infection is endemic in tropical Asia, especially Thailand, northeastern India, China, Hong Kong, Vietnam, and Taiwan (25, 33, 61, 125, 151, 185).
Will blue mold make you sick?
Chances are you won’t have any ill effects after eating a bit of mold… but it’s def not something you should actively try to do. The good news is that mold generally tastes pretty bad, so you’ll likely notice it and spit it out. Even if some does slip past your guard, it’s unlikely to make you sick.
Is blue mold harmful?
Breathing the spores from the blue colored mold can cause health problems, including allergic reactions, inflammation of the lungs, pain in the chest, and sinus infections. People with conditions like asthma and emphysema are more susceptible to mold-related illnesses, as are the very young and the very old.
How is Penicillium in the lungs treated?
Patients with Penicillium species infections have been treated successfully with itraconazole [8], amphotericin B [3, 9], or fluconazole [3]. However, some patients with conditions caused by Penicillium species have died despite treatment with ketoconazole [2], amphotericin B [2], or itraconazole [10].
What is an acceptable level of Penicillium aspergillus mold?
200-500 spores – the most common species (Penicillium/Aspergillus, Cladosporium and Curvularia) are typically not an issue and stay within the normal range. 500-1500 spores – sometimes the Penicillium/Aspergillus & Cladosporium levels are in this range and do not require remediation.