Is rock failure a form of slope failure?
Popularly known as landslides, slope failures describe a wide variety of mechanisms that cause the outward or downward movement of slope-forming materials like rock, soil or landfills. Landslide can result either from rock failure or soil failure.
What is a toppling failure?
Toppling failure is a common mode of instability in layered and blocky rock slopes where rock blocks rotate about their toes and overturn. One of the most important types of toppling failure is slide-toe-toppling.
What are the different types of rock slope failure?
Rock slopes fail generally into these five modes namely planar, wedge, circular, toppling, and buckling (Hocking, 1976; Hoek & Bray, 1981; Kliche, 1999; Lee & Wang, 2011; Ramamurthy, 2014; Tang, Yong, & Ez Eldin, 2017). The type of rock failure is governed by the pattern of discontinuity.
What is rock slope instability?
Slope-stability or mass-movement problems occur where either sediment and/or rock and/or snow move downslope in response to gravity. Potential slope-stability problems exist wherever development has taken place at the base of steep slopes.
What is rock failure?
Rock failure definition By rock failure, we mean the formation of faults and fracture planes, crushing, and relative motion of individual mineral grains and cements. Failure can involve formation of discrete fracture zones and the more “ductile” or homogeneous deformation.
What is a rock slope?
1. Inclined surface of rock surface.
How do you stop toppling failure?
Simple thumb rule is — For a toppling failure to occur, the dip direction of the discontinuities dipping into the face must be within about 10° – 20°of the dip direction of the face so that a series of slabs are formed parallel to the face.
What are slope failures?
Slope failures occur when driving forces overcome resisting forces. The driving force is typically gravity, and the resisting force is the slope material’s shear strength. When assessing a slope’s stability look for indications that physical processes are decreasing shear strength.
What are 5 causes of slope failure?
Causes of Slope Failure.
- Erosion.
- Rainfall.
- Earthquakes.
- Geological Features.
- External Loading.
- Construction Activities.
- Rapid Drawdown.
What is oblique toppling?
The oblique toppling zone is the semi-circle from vertical to the friction. angle (measured from the vertical). The oblique toppling zone accounts for the high variability of intersection lines that can be expected near the vertical direction. An example of these features is illustrated in Figure 1e.
What causes slope failure?
What is slope failure?
A slope failure is a phenomenon that a slope collapses abruptly due to weakened self-retainability of the earth under the influence of a rainfall or an earthquake. Because of sudden collapse of slope, many people fail to escape from it if it occurs near a residential area, thus resulting in a higher rate of fatalities.
What causes rock failure?
At shallow depths, rocks record permanent deformation caused by either fracture of the rock or frictional sliding on existing fractures. This failure often occurs dramatically in the form of earthquakes occurring with displacement across the fault of centimeters to tens of meters.
What is rock failure criteria?
Mohr-Coulomb rock failure criterion is the most commonly used shear failure criteria proposed for rocks. In the Mohr-Coulomb criterion, only the maximum (σ1) and minimum (σ3) principal stresses are considered and it is assumed that the intermediate stress (σ2) has no influence on the strength of a rock.
What are the factors leading to the failure of slopes?
The important causes of failure of slopes and lead to instability are describes below: Gravitational force (Creep) Force due to seepage water (Swelling / Leaching) Erosion of the surface of slopes due to flowing water.
What is flexural toppling?
Flexural toppling is a mode of failure that may occur in a wide range of layered rock strata in both rock slopes and large underground excavations.
What is direct toppling?
The two primary features of Direct Toppling are: Two joint sets intersect to form intersection lines dipping into the slope which can form discrete blocks. A third joint set of near horizontal planes act as release planes (or sliding planes) for the discrete blocks.
What are 4 types of slopes?
Slopes come in 4 different types: negative, positive, zero, and undefined. as x increases.
What are 3 factors that make slope failure more likely?
Here are some of the common causes of slope failure:
- Steepness of the Slope. It goes without saying that the steeper a slope is, the more unstable it will be.
- Water and Drainage. Water is several times heavier than air.
- Soil Composition.
- Joints & Fractures.
What factors affect slope stability?
Slope stability is ultimately determined by two factors: the angle of the slope and the strength of the materials on it. In Figure 15.2 a block of rock situated on a rock slope is being pulled toward Earth’s centre (vertically down) by gravity.